Instruction set: CIL

Assembler directives

Name	Description
.entrypoint	Signals to the runtime that this method is the entry point for the application.
.maxstack	Indicates how many stack slots the method expects to use.
.method	Defines a new function
.locals	Defines variables
.class	Define a new type
.try catch filter finally	Is used to protect a range of instructions. If an exception is thrown by one of the instructions in the protected block, or by any method called directly or indirectly within the protected block, control is transferred to an appropriate exception handler.

Arithmetic

Name	Description
Add	Adds two values and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Add.Ovf	Adds two integers, performs an overflow check, and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Add.Ovf.Un	Adds two unsigned integer values, performs an overflow check, and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Div	Divides two values and pushes the result as a floating-point (type F) or quotient (type int32) onto the evaluation stack.
Div.Un	Divides two unsigned integer values and pushes the result (int32) onto the evaluation stack.
Mul	Multiplies two values and pushes the result on the evaluation stack.
Mul.Ovf	Multiplies two integer values, performs an overflow check, and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Mul.Ovf.Un	Multiplies two unsigned integer values, performs an overflow check, and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Neg	Negates a value and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Rem	Divides two values and pushes the remainder onto the evaluation stack.
Rem.Un	Divides two unsigned values and pushes the remainder onto the evaluation stack.
Sub	Subtracts one value from another and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Sub.Ovf	Subtracts one integer value from another, performs an overflow check, and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Sub.Ovf.Un	Subtracts one unsigned integer value from another, performs an overflow check, and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.

Logical and shift

Name	Description
And	Computes the bitwise AND of two values and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Or	Compute the bitwise complement of the two integer values on top of the stack and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack.
Not	Computes the bitwise complement of the integer value on top of the stack and pushes the result onto the evaluation stack as the same type.
Xor	Computes the bitwise XOR of the top two values on the evaluation stack, pushing the result onto the evaluation stack.
Shl	Shifts an integer value to the left (in zeroes) by a specified number of bits, pushing the result onto the evaluation stack.
Shr	Shifts an integer value (in sign) to the right by a specified number of bits, pushing the result onto the evaluation stack.
Shr.Un	Shifts an unsigned integer value (in zeroes) to the right by a specified number of bits, pushing the result onto the evaluation stack.

Compare

Name	Description
Ceq	Compares two values. If they are equal, the integer value 1 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack; otherwise 0 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack.
Cgt	Compares two values. If the first value is greater than the second, the integer value 1 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack; otherwise 0 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack.
Cgt.Un	Compares two unsigned or unordered values. If the first value is greater than the second, the integer value 1 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack; otherwise 0 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack.
Clt	Compares two values. If the first value is less than the second, the integer value 1 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack; otherwise 0 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack.
Clt.Un	Compares the unsigned or unordered values value1 and value2. If value1 is less than value2, then the integer value 1 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack; otherwise 0 (int32) is pushed onto the evaluation stack.

Load constants

Name	Example	Description
Ldnull	ldnull	Pushes a null reference (type O) onto the evaluation stack.
Ldstr	ldstr "hello"	Pushes a new object reference to a string literal stored in the metadata.
Ldc.I4	ldc.i4 100000	Pushes a supplied value of type int32 onto the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldc.I4.(0-8 | M1)	ldc.i4.7	Pushes the integer value of 0-8 or -1 onto the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldc.I4.S	ldc.i4.s 120	Pushes the supplied int8 value onto the evaluation stack as an int32, short form.
Ldc.I8	ldc.i8 7	Pushes a supplied value of type int64 onto the evaluation stack as an int64.
Ldc.R4	ldc.r4 1.07	Pushes a supplied value of type float32 onto the evaluation stack as type F (float).
Ldc.R8	ldc.r8 1.07	Pushes a supplied value of type float64 onto the evaluation stack as type F (float).

Branch

Add ".S" for short form.

Name	Description
Br	Unconditionally transfers control to a target instruction.
Beq	Transfers control to a target instruction if two values are equal.
Bge	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is greater than or equal to the second value.
Bge.Un	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is greater than the second value, when comparing unsigned integer values or unordered float values.
Bgt	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is greater than the second value.
Bgt.Un	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is greater than the second value, when comparing unsigned integer values or unordered float values.
Ble	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is less than or equal to the second value.
Ble.Un	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is less than or equal to the second value, when comparing unsigned integer values or unordered float values.
Blt	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is less than the second value.
Blt.Un	Transfers control to a target instruction if the first value is less than the second value, when comparing unsigned integer values or unordered float values.
Bne.Un	Transfers control to a target instruction when two unsigned integer values or unordered float values are not equal.
Brfalse	Transfers control to a target instruction if value is false, a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic), or zero.
Brtrue	Transfers control to a target instruction if value is true, not null, or non-zero.

Call and return

Name	Description
Call	Calls the method indicated by the passed method descriptor.
Calli	Calls the method indicated on the evaluation stack (as a pointer to an entry point) with arguments described by a calling convention.
Callvirt	Calls a late-bound method on an object, pushing the return value onto the evaluation stack.
Tailcall	Performs a postfixed method call instruction such that the current method's stack frame is removed before the actual call instruction is executed.
Ret	Returns from the current method, pushing a return value (if present) from the callee's evaluation stack onto the caller's evaluation stack.
Jmp	Exits current method and jumps to specified method.

Local variables

Name	Description
Ldloc	Loads the local variable at a specific index onto the evaluation stack.
Ldloc.(0-3)	Loads the local variable at index 0-3 onto the evaluation stack.
Ldloc.S	Loads the local variable at a specific index onto the evaluation stack, short form.
Ldloca	Loads the address of the local variable at a specific index onto the evaluation stack.
Ldloca.S	Loads the address of the local variable at a specific index onto the evaluation stack, short form.
Stloc	Pops the current value from the top of the evaluation stack and stores it in a the local variable list at a specified index.
Stloc.(0-3)	Pops the current value from the top of the evaluation stack and stores it in a the local variable list at index 0-3.
Stloc.S	Pops the current value from the top of the evaluation stack and stores it in a the local variable list at index (short form).

Arguments

Name	Description
Arglist	Returns an unmanaged pointer to the argument list of the current method.
Ldarg	Loads an argument (referenced by a specified index value) onto the stack.
Ldarg.(0-3)	Loads the argument at index 0-3 onto the evaluation stack.
Ldarg.S	Loads the argument (referenced by a specified short form index) onto the evaluation stack.
Ldarga	Load an argument address onto the evaluation stack.
Ldarga.S	Load an argument address, in short form, onto the evaluation stack.
Starg	Stores the value on top of the evaluation stack in the argument slot at a specified index.
Starg.S	Stores the value on top of the evaluation stack in the argument slot at a specified index, short form.

Arrays

Name	Description
Newarr	Pushes an object reference to a new zero-based, one-dimensional array whose elements are of a specific type onto the evaluation stack.
Ldlen	Pushes the number of elements of a zero-based, one-dimensional array onto the evaluation stack.
Readonly	Specifies that the subsequent array address operation performs no type check at run time, and that it returns a managed pointer whose mutability is restricted.
Ldelem	Loads the element at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as the type specified in the instruction.
Ldelem.I	Loads the element with type natural int at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as a natural int.
Ldelem.I1	Loads the element with type int8 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldelem.I2	Loads the element with type int16 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldelem.I4	Loads the element with type int32 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldelem.I8	Loads the element with type int64 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int64.
Ldelem.R4	Loads the element with type float32 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as type F (float).
Ldelem.R8	Loads the element with type float64 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as type F (float).
Ldelem.Ref	Loads the element containing an object reference at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as type O (object reference).
Ldelem.U1	Loads the element with type unsigned int8 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldelem.U2	Loads the element with type unsigned int16 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldelem.U4	Loads the element with type unsigned int32 at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as an int32.
Ldelema	Loads the address of the array element at a specified array index onto the top of the evaluation stack as type & (managed pointer).
Stelem	Replaces the array element at a given index with the value on the evaluation stack, whose type is specified in the instruction.
Stelem.I	Replaces the array element at a given index with the natural int value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.I1	Replaces the array element at a given index with the int8 value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.I2	Replaces the array element at a given index with the int16 value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.I4	Replaces the array element at a given index with the int32 value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.I8	Replaces the array element at a given index with the int64 value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.R4	Replaces the array element at a given index with the float32 value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.R8	Replaces the array element at a given index with the float64 value on the evaluation stack.
Stelem.Ref	Replaces the array element at a given index with the object ref value (type O) on the evaluation stack.

Indirect access

Name	Description
Ldind.I	Loads a value of type natural int as a natural int onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.I1	Loads a value of type int8 as an int32 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.I2	Loads a value of type int16 as an int32 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.I4	Loads a value of type int32 as an int32 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.I8	Loads a value of type int64 as an int64 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.R4	Loads a value of type float32 as a type F (float) onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.R8	Loads a value of type float64 as a type F (float) onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.Ref	Loads an object reference as a type O (object reference) onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.U1	Loads a value of type unsigned int8 as an int32 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.U2	Loads a value of type unsigned int16 as an int32 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Ldind.U4	Loads a value of type unsigned int32 as an int32 onto the evaluation stack indirectly.
Stind.I	Stores a value of type natural int at a supplied address.
Stind.I1	Stores a value of type int8 at a supplied address.
Stind.I2	Stores a value of type int16 at a supplied address.
Stind.I4	Stores a value of type int32 at a supplied address.
Stind.I8	Stores a value of type int64 at a supplied address.
Stind.R4	Stores a value of type float32 at a supplied address.
Stind.R8	Stores a value of type float64 at a supplied address.
Stind.Ref	Stores a object reference value at a supplied address.

Fields

Name	Description
Ldfld	Finds the value of a field in the object whose reference is currently on the evaluation stack.
Ldflda	Finds the address of a field in the object whose reference is currently on the evaluation stack.
Stfld	Replaces the value stored in the field of an object reference or pointer with a new value.
Ldsfld	Pushes the value of a static field onto the evaluation stack.
Ldsflda	Pushes the address of a static field onto the evaluation stack.
Stsfld	Replaces the value of a static field with a value from the evaluation stack.

Conversion

Name	Description
Conv-I	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to natural int.
Conv.I1	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to int8, then extends (pads) it to int32.
Conv.I2	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to int16, then extends (pads) it to int32.
Conv.I4	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to int32.
Conv.I8	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to int64.
Conv.Ovf.I	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to signed natural int, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to signed natural int, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I1	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int8 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I1.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int8 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I2	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int16 and extending it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I2.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int16 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I4	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I4.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I8	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int64, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.I8.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to signed int64, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned natural int, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned natural int, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U1	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int8 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U1.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int8 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U2	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int16 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U2.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int16 and extends it to int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U4	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U4.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int32, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U8	Converts the signed value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int64, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.Ovf.U8.Un	Converts the unsigned value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int64, throwing OverflowException on overflow.
Conv.R.Un	Converts the unsigned integer value on top of the evaluation stack to float32.
Conv.R4	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to float32.
Conv.R8	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to float64.
Conv.U	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned natural int, and extends it to natural int.
Conv.U1	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int8, and extends it to int32.
Conv.U2	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int16, and extends it to int32.
Conv.U4	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int32, and extends it to int32.
Conv.U8	Converts the value on top of the evaluation stack to unsigned int64, and extends it to int64.

Objects

Name	Description
Castclass	Attempts to cast an object passed by reference to the specified class.
Cpobj	Copies the value type located at the address of an object (type &, * or natural int) to the address of the destination object (type &, * or natural int).
Initobj	Initializes all the fields of the object at a specific address to a null reference or a 0 of the appropriate primitive type.
Ldobj	Copies the value type object pointed to by an address to the top of the evaluation stack.
Newobj	Creates a new object or a new instance of a value type, pushing an object reference (type O) onto the evaluation stack.
Isinst	Tests whether an object reference (type O) is an instance of a particular class.
Stobj	Copies a value of a specified type from the evaluation stack into a supplied memory address.

Memory blocks

Name	Description
Cpblk	Copies a specified number bytes from a source address to a destination address.
Initblk	Initializes a specified block of memory at a specific address to a given size and initial value.
Localloc	Allocates a certain number of bytes from the local dynamic memory pool and pushes the address (a transient pointer, type *) of the first allocated byte onto the evaluation stack.

Exceptions

Name	Description
Throw	Throws the exception object currently on the evaluation stack.
Rethrow	Rethrows the current exception.
Endfilter	Transfers control from the filter clause of an exception back to the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) exception handler.
Endfinally	Transfers control from the fault or finally clause of an exception block back to the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) exception handler.

Boxing and constrains

Name	Description
Box	Converts a value type to an object reference (type O).
Unbox	Converts the boxed representation of a value type to its unboxed form.
Unbox.Any	Converts the boxed representation of a type specified in the instruction to its unboxed form.
Constrained	Constrains the type on which a virtual method call is made.

Still unsorted

Name	Description
Ckfinite	Throws ArithmeticException if value is not a finite number.
Ldtoken	Converts a metadata token to its runtime representation, pushing it onto the evaluation stack.
Ldvirtftn	Pushes an unmanaged pointer (type natural int) to the native code implementing a particular virtual method associated with a specified object onto the evaluation stack.
Leave	Exits a protected region of code, unconditionally transferring control to a specific target instruction.
Leave.S	Exits a protected region of code, unconditionally transferring control to a target instruction (short form).
Nop	Fills space if opcodes are patched. No meaningful operation is performed although a processing cycle can be consumed.
Break	Signals the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) to inform the debugger that a break point has been tripped.
Pop	Removes the value currently on top of the evaluation stack.
Dup	Copies the current topmost value on the evaluation stack, and then pushes the copy onto the evaluation stack.
Ldftn	Pushes an unmanaged pointer (type natural int) to the native code implementing a specific method onto the evaluation stack.
Mkrefany	Pushes a typed reference to an instance of a specific type onto the evaluation stack.
Refanytype	Retrieves the type token embedded in a typed reference.
Refanyval	Retrieves the address (type &) embedded in a typed reference.
Sizeof	Pushes the size, in bytes, of a supplied value type onto the evaluation stack.
Switch	Implements a jump table.
Unaligned	Indicates that an address currently atop the evaluation stack might not be aligned to the natural size of the immediately following ldind, stind, ldfld, stfld, ldobj, stobj, initblk, or cpblk instruction.
Volatile	Specifies that an address currently atop the evaluation stack might be volatile, and the results of reading that location cannot be cached or that multiple stores to that location cannot be suppressed.